avant-garde poet and literary theorist, notable for his influence on American poetry during the late 1950s.

Olson was educated at Wesleyan University, where he earned an M.A. in 1933. He taught at Clark University, Harvard University, and Radcliffe College, but his real influence began in the late 1940s as an instructor and then as rector (1951–56) at Black Mountain College in North Carolina (see Black Mountain poet).

Olson first gained recognition for Call Me Ishmael (1947), a study of the literary influences on Herman Melville's Moby Dick. His concepts of poetry, contained in the essay Projective Verse (1950), influenced such poets as Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, and Denise Levertov. Olson's The Maximus Poems (1953, 1956, combined 1960) is a long sequence of poems continued in subsequent volumes, while In Cold Hell, in Thicket (1953) and The Distances (1960) contain some of his best-known shorter poems.

Olson rejected traditional verse forms, advocating instead a primal linkage between breathing and the phrasing of words to obtain the most forceful version of a poem.