city, southwestern Kyrgyzstan. The city lies at an elevation of 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) on the Akbura River where it emerges from the Alay foothills. First mentioned in writings of the 9th century, it was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century and subsequently rebuilt. In the 15th century, before the sea routes were discovered, it was an important post on the trade routes to China and India. Now it has a variety of industrial undertakings, including silk and cotton textiles and food processing, and is the starting point of the Osh-Khorugh road, the main Pamirs Highway. The city has a teacher-training institute, a branch of the Bishkek Polytechnic Institute, a theatre, a museum, and a botanical garden. Takht-i-Suleyman (“Solomon's Throne”), a hill in the western part of the city, has long been a Muslim place of pilgrimage. The population in the surrounding area lives mainly in the foothill valleys, in which cotton, tobacco, cereal grains, and melons are grown on irrigated land. Pop. (1999) 208,520.