town, southeastern Maharashtra (Mahārāshtra) state, western India, located north of Solapur. Part of the ancient Yadava Hindu kingdom, it fell to the Bahmanī and Bijapur sultanates in the 14th and 16th centuries and was later incorporated into the territories of the nizams of Hyderabad. It became a part of the Indian union in 1947.

Cotton ginning and pressing are its chief industries. Osmanabad has two colleges affiliated with Marathwada University. Despite favourable annual rainfall, the town's surrounding region is sparsely populated. Most of the people are engaged in agriculture; the chief crops are millet, pulses, and oilseeds. Some cotton is grown, and it is the basis of the only large-scale industry. Nearby are Tuljapur, the holy site of the deity of Maharashtra-Tulja-Bhavani; and the Naldurg fort on the Bori River, a famous landmark built by Ibrāhīm ʿĀdil Shah II (1579–1626) of Bijapur. Pop. (2001) 80,625.