German scholar and government adviser who made fundamental contributions to the knowledge of the ethnography, folklore, culture, ancient texts, and linguistics of the Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia and Central Asia.

Radlov engaged in Oriental studies at the University of Berlin during the 1850s, and after completing his education he taught in a secondary school at Barnaul in southwestern Siberia. During that period he had close contact with the Turkic people of the Sayan and Altai mountains and began his ethnographic, textual, and linguistic studies. The folkloric materials he collected appeared in part in Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme, 10 vol. (1866–1907; “Examples of the Folk Literature of the Turkic Tribes”). This and others of his works offered the first precise, systematic treatment of Central Asiatic ethnography and established the scientific study of the Turkic peoples.

Following his return to St. Petersburg, Radlov published a general ethnography of northern and Central Asia, Aus Sibirien (1884; “From Siberia”), which advanced a three-stage theory of cultural evolution for the region—hunting to pastoral to agricultural—with shamanism as the main religion. He also translated (1891–1910) Kudatku Bilik, a long medieval poem of the Uighur people.

Radlov wrote a comparative dictionary of Turkic languages, 4 vol. (1893–1911), and a lengthy work on Turkic inscriptions from Mongolia. As an adviser to the Russian government, he fostered enlightened treatment of Central Asians. He was also a principal developer of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg.