Scottish historian and Presbyterian minister. He is regarded, along with David Hume and Edward Gibbon, as one of the most important British historians of the 18th century.

Robertson was educated at the University of Edinburgh, completing his studies in 1741. He was ordained a minister in the Church of Scotland, and in 1743 he received the living of Gladsmuir, near Edinburgh. He became a member of the church's General Assembly in 1746 and for many years held a leading position in that assembly's Moderate party.

Robertson's first major work, The History of Scotland, During the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI (1759), established his reputation as a historian; within the next few years he was appointed principal of the University of Edinburgh and historiographer royal for Scotland. His next major work was The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V (1769), which saw several editions and was translated into all of the major European languages; it was followed by The History of America (1777).

Robertson's histories reflect his interest in social theory; they stress the importance of material and environmental factors in determining the course of civilization. His writings were influential in the 19th century but received little critical attention during the 20th century.