the madder family of the Rubiales order of flowering plants, consisting of 660 genera with more than 11,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, distributed primarily in tropical areas of the world. Members of the family have leaves opposite each other with stipules or in whorls, unbroken leaf margins, and leaflike appendages at the base of the leafstalks. The leaves usually are large and evergreen in tropical species, deciduous in temperate species, and needlelike or scalelike in desert species. The plants may bear a single flower or many small flowers clustered together.

Economically important products of the family Rubiaceae include quinine, which is derived from the bark of Cinchona species; coffee, from the seeds of Coffea species; ipecac, obtained from the roots of Psychotria ipecacuanha; and gambier, a substance that is used in tanning, from Uncaria gambir. Some trees in the family provide useful timber. Species that are cultivated as ornamentals include those of Gardenia, Ixora, Nertera, Crucianella, Bouvardia, Houstonia (bluets), and Cephalanthus (buttonbush). Common madder (Rubia tinctorum) was formerly cultivated for the red dye obtained from its roots (alizarin); the roots of crosswort (Crucianella) also contain a red dye once used in medicines.