city, one of two capitals (with Toruń) of Kujawsko-Pomorskie województwo (province), northern Poland, near the confluence of the Brda and Vistula rivers.

Beginning as a frontier stronghold, Bydgoszcz was seized by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century; it received town rights in 1346. It prospered as a grain and timber centre, was devastated during the 17th-century Swedish wars, and regained importance in the 18th century with the building of the Bydgoszcz Canal, linking the basins of the Vistula and Oder rivers and making it a major inland port. In 1946, on its 600th anniversary, it was awarded the Grunwald Cross for its staunch resistance to the Nazi attack of 1939.

The city is an important water-transport route and rail junction connecting Upper Silesia with the Baltic ports. It processes forest and agricultural products and has textile mills, metallurgical plants, chemical and machine plants, and electronics and printing shops, as well as several museums, theatres and a concert hall. It has agricultural and engineering schools, as well as academies of medicine and music. Pop. (2002) 373,804.