city, capital of Meghalaya (Meghālaya) state, northeastern India. The city is located on the Shillong Plateau at an elevation of 4,990 feet (1,520 metres). Shillong first became prominent in 1864, when it succeeded Cherrapunji as the district headquarters. In 1874 it was made the capital of the new province of Assam. An earthquake destroyed the city in 1897, necessitating its complete rebuilding. The North East Frontier Agency's headquarters were in Shillong until that region became the union territory of Arunachal Pradesh in 1972. In that year Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya, which had been newly created out of territory that was formerly within the state of Assam.

Shillong is one of the largest cities in northeastern India. It is an important trade centre for agricultural products and has research stations focusing on dairy farm, fruit, and silk production. It also has the Pasteur Institute and Medical Research Institute and two hospitals. The Barpani hydroelectric station lies a few miles to the north. Traffic congestion is a problem in the city.

Khasi (Khāsi) people have long lived in the Shillong region. Large-scale migrations to Shillong took place following the partition of India in 1947. The immigrants were mostly from the portion of Assam that became part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Pop. (2001) city, 132,867; urban agglom., 267,662.