surgical treatment for coronary artery disease, usually caused by atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, fatty plaques build up on the walls of the coronary arteries, gradually diminishing the flow of blood through them. Insufficient blood flow through the coronary arteries into the heart musculature can manifest as angina pectoris and increases the risk of myocardial infarction ( heart attack). The coronary artery bypass entails transplanting one or more veins to create new paths for arterial blood to flow from the aorta through the coronary arteries, circumventing the obstructed sections of the arteries. The grafts are usually saphenous veins taken from one or both of the patient's legs, though in the case of double bypass surgery one of the internal mammary arteries, which supply blood to the chest wall, can be diverted to supply the heart muscle. Coronary artery bypass surgery became widely used after its safety and usefulness in relieving the pain of angina were demonstrated in the late 1960s.