wife of the Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II. She was a highly cultured woman who, in rivalry with her sister-in-law, the empress Pulcheria, exercised great influence over her husband until her withdrawal from Constantinople.

Athenais, as she was then called, came from Athens, where her father, Leontius, was a pagan philosopher. Before she and Theodosius were married (June 7, 421), Athenais was baptized a Christian and changed her name to Eudocia. In 422 she gave birth to a daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, who married (437) the Western emperor Valentinian III (reigned 425–455). In 438 Eudocia went on a year's pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Accused of adultery and facing a challenge to her position by Theodosius' influential sister Pulcheria, she returned to Jerusalem c. 443 and remained there for the rest of her life, directing the rebuilding of that city's fortifications and the construction of several splendid churches.

Eudocia was sympathetic to Monophysitism—a heresy that maintained that Christ's human nature is absorbed in his divine nature—but she died an orthodox Christian. In addition to religious poetry in the classical style, she wrote a panegyric on the Roman victory over the Persians (422).