Romance language spoken by Sefardic Jews in the Balkans, the Middle East, North Africa, Greece, and Turkey; it is very nearly extinct in many of these areas. A very archaic form of Castilian (Castilian dialect) Spanish, mixed somewhat with Hebrew elements, Ladino originated in Spain and was carried to its present speech areas by the descendants of the Spanish (Spanish language) Jews who were exiled from Spain after 1492.

Ladino preserves many words and grammatical usages that have been lost in modern Spanish. It also has a more conservative sound system—for example, f and g sounds still occur where modern Spanish has an h (not pronounced): Ladino fijo, fablar versus Spanish hijo, hablar, and Ladino agora versus Spanish ahora. Ladino is usually written in Hebrew characters and has a literature of its own, including many works in translation.