complex oxygen-containing organic substance that, with cellulose, forms the chief constituent of wood. It is second only to cellulose as the most abundant organic material on Earth, though it has found relatively few industrial uses other than as a fuel. It is a mixture of complex, apparently polymeric compounds of poorly known structure. Lignin is concentrated in the cell walls of wood and makes up 24–35 percent of the oven-dry weight of softwoods and 17–25 percent of hardwoods. It is removed from wood pulp in the manufacture of paper, usually by treating with agents such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfide, or sodium hydroxide. Lignin has a number of industrial uses as a binder for particleboard and similar laminated or composite wood products; as a soil conditioner; as a filler or an active ingredient of phenolic resins; and as an adhesive for linoleum. Vanillin (synthetic vanilla) and dimethyl sulfoxide are also made from lignin.