Nobel Prize winners by name (D through F)

name year category country* achievement literary area

Dalai Lama 1989 peace Tibet

Dale, Sir Henry 1936 physiology/

medicine U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

Dalén, Nils 1912 physics Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys

Dam, Henrik 1943 physiology/

medicine Denmark discovery of vitamin K

Gabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) 1980 physiology/

medicine France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Davis, Raymond, Jr. 2002 physics U.S. detection of neutrinos

Joseph (Davisson, Clinton Joseph) 1937 physics U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons

Dawes, Charles G. 1925 peace U.S.

de Klerk, F.W. 1993 peace South Africa

Debreu, Gerard 1983 economics U.S. mathematical proof of supply-and-demand theory

Debye, Peter 1936 chemistry The

Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

Dehmelt, Hans Georg 1989 physics U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

Deisenhofer, Johann 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

Delbrück, Max 1969 physiology/

medicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Deledda, Grazia 1926 literature Italy novelist

Hermann (Diels, Otto Paul Hermann) 1950 chemistry West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

Dirac, P.A.M. 1933 physics U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

Doctors Without Borders 1999 peace (founded 1971)

Doherty, Peter C. 1996 physiology/

medicine Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

Doisy, Edward Adelbert 1943 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

Domagk, Gerhard

(declined) 1939 physiology/

medicine Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil

du Vigneaud, Vincent 1955 chemistry U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

Ducommun, Élie 1902 peace Switzerland

Dulbecco, Renato 1975 physiology/

medicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Dunant, Henri 1901 peace Switzerland

Duve, Christian René de 1974 physiology/

medicine Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells

Ebadi, Shirin (Maathai, Wangari) 2003 peace Iran

Eccles, Sir John Carew 1963 physiology/

medicine Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Eizaguirre, José (Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José) 1904 literature Spain dramatist

Edelman, Gerald Maurice 1972 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Egas Moniz, António 1949 physiology/

medicine Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

Ehrlich, Paul 1908 physiology/

medicine Germany work on immunity

Eigen, Manfred 1967 chemistry West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Eijkman, Christiaan 1929 physiology/

medicine The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

Einstein, Albert 1921 physics Switzerland work in theoretical physics

Einthoven, Willem 1924 physiology/

medicine The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

ElBaradei, Mohamed (International Atomic Energy Agency) 2005 peace Egypt

Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) 1988 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Eliot, T.S. 1948 literature U.K. poet, critic

Elytis, Odysseus 1979 literature Greece poet

Enders, John Franklin 1954 physiology/

medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Engle, Robert F. 2003 economics U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

Erlanger, Joseph 1944 physiology/

medicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

Ernst, Richard R. 1991 chemistry Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Ertl, Gerhard 2007 chemistry Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

Esaki, Leo 1973 physics Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' 1909 peace France

Eucken, Rudolf Christoph 1908 literature Germany philosopher

Euler, Ulf von 1970 physiology/

medicine Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

von (Euler-Chelpin, Hans von) 1929 chemistry Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

Evans, Sir Martin J. 2007 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Faulkner, William 1949 literature U.S. novelist

Fenn, John B. 2002 chemistry U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

Fermi, Enrico 1938 physics Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation

Fert, Albert 2007 physics France discovery of giant magnetoresistance

Feynman, Richard P. 1965 physics U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

Fibiger, Johannes 1926 physiology/

medicine Denmark contributions to cancer research

Finsen, Niels Ryberg 1903 physiology/

medicine Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light

Fire, Andrew Z. 2006 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Fischer, Edmond H. 1992 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases

Fischer, Emil 1902 chemistry Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses

Fischer, Ernst Otto 1973 chemistry West Germany organometallic chemistry

Fischer, Hans 1930 chemistry Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin

Fitch, Val Logsdon 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

Fleming, Sir Alexander 1945 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Florey, Baron (Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron) 1945 physiology/

medicine Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Flory, Paul J. 1974 chemistry U.S. studies of long-chain molecules

Fo, Dario 1997 literature Italy dramatist, actor

Fogel, Robert William 1993 economics U.S. contributions to economic history

Forssmann, Werner 1956 physiology/

medicine West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Fowler, William A. 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

France, Anatole 1921 literature France novelist

Franck, James 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

Mikhaylovich (Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich) 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Fried, Alfred Hermann 1911 peace Austria-Hungary

Friedman, Jerome Isaac 1990 physics U.S. discovery of quarks

Friedman, Milton 1976 economics U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization

(FSC) (Friends Service Council) 1947 peace U.K.

Frisch, Karl von 1973 physiology/

medicine Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Frisch, Ragnar 1969 economics Norway work in econometrics

Fukui Kenichi 1981 chemistry Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

Furchgott, Robert F. 1998 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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