longest-established prophet movement in North America. Its founder was Ganioda'yo (q.v.), a Seneca chief whose name meant “Handsome Lake”; his heavenly revelations received in trance in 1799 rapidly transformed both himself and the demoralized Seneca. Their Christian beliefs, which came primarily from Quaker contacts, included a personal creator-ruler, a devil, heaven, hell, and judgment; Jesus was identified with a local mythological figure. Seneca divinities were retained as ruling angels, rituals were reduced to four transformed dance feasts, and the longhouse was modified into a “church.” A puritan and modernizing ethic attacked alcohol and witchcraft, banned further land sales, encouraged the men to practice plow agriculture and animal husbandry, and stressed stability of the nuclear family.

Ganioda'yo's teaching spread among the Iroquois and later became embodied in fixed forms as the “Code of Handsome Lake,” which is still recited once in two years in the 20th century by authorized “preachers” in some 10 longhouses providing for about 5,000 adherents on Iroquois reservations in New York state in the United States and in Ontario and Quebec in Canada. Though not antiwhite, the religion serves to maintain Indian identity and has shown some growth in the 20th century.